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Bibliography

PRIMARY & SECONDARY SOURCES BY PAGE:
Abbreviations:
WCA = Wheaton College Archives
JBP = Jonathan Blanchard Papers
CABP = Charles Albert Blanchard Papers
LRSHJ = La Roy S. Hand Journal
  1. Extra Income
    A. "The Time to Kill the Potato Bugs is Now" Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Cyrus Louis Blanchard, May 24, 1871. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 7, Folder 7. 
    B. "The Corn Stalks Had Better Not Be Cut!" Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Cyrus Louis Blanchard, August 20, 1875. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 8, Folder 12. 
  2. Childhood Nostaliga
    A. "My health was poor ... so I came up to this high mountain" Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Mary Bent Blanchard and the Children, October 2, 1863. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 5, Folder 6.
  3. Avid Learner
    A. "Bible Blanchard." Clyde S. Kilby, Minority of One: A Biography of Jonathan Blanchard (Grand Rapids, MI: WM. B. Eerdmans, 1959), 20. 
  4. Hoping In Christ
    A. "Asa Burnap was the first person who suggested to me that I was entitled to hope in Christ." Jonathan Blanchard, Editorial Correspondence, Christian Cynosure, August 23, 1888 (Vol. 20). https://archive.org/details/christiancynosurv20blan (p. 778 of PDF).
  5. Career Path
    A. "I stood and deliberately chose the narrow, harder path." Charles A. Blanchard, President Blanchard's Autobiography (Boone, IA: Western Christian Alliance Publishing Company, 1915), 26-27. WCA.
  6. Early Reform Activities
    A. "To divest and carry into effect measures calculated to raise the standard of Common School Education in this county." Plattsburgh Republican, August 24, 1833, p. 2. Accessed through NYS Historic Newspapers.
    B. "I am sorry beyond measure about your Latin." Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Mary Avery Blanchard, Septmerb 16, 1855. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 4, Folder 6.
    C. "We answered as we might. but none so poorly as I did..." Blanchard, President Blanchard's Autobiography, 42.
  7. Abolitionist
    A. "Runaway slaves were perfectly safe in the College building." Charles M. Clark, he history of the Thirty-ninth regiment Illinois volunteer veteran infantry, (Yates phalanx.) in the war of the rebellion. 1861-1865 (Chicago, 1889), 490. Accessed through Hathi Trust.
  8. 70 Apostles of Freedom
    A. "2,000 men gathered in the town square." A Debate on Slavery, held on the first, second, thirt and sixth days of October, 1845, in the city of Cincinnati, between Rev. J. Blanchard, Pastor of the Sixth Presbyterian Church, and N. L. Rice, D. D., Pastor of the Central Presbyterian Church (Cincinnati: WM. H. Moore & Co., 1846), 271. Accessed through Hathi Trust.
    B. "Success! Success! There is something bewitching in it." Jonathan Blanchard's diary, 11834-1835. WCA, JBP, Series 1, Box 22.
  9. Famous Debates
    A. "It takes you some time to get underway." Letter from Mary Bent Blanchard to Jonathan Blanchard, Jul;y 31, 1845. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 3, Folder 17.
  10. Stephen Douglas Debate
    A. "To us students of course it appeared that our champion had simply 'mopped the earth' with his opponent." Clark E. Carr, The Illini: A Story of the Prairies (Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1906), 161-169. Accessed through Hathi Trust.
    B. "You know how sincerely I have opposed you heretofore." Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Stephen A. Douglas, May 1, 1858. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 4, Folder 10.
  11. Temperance
    A. "The Following Things are Positively Disallowed." Wheaton College Catalog, 1862-1863. WCA.
    B. "I hated liquor though I loved its taste." Jonathan Blanchard, Sermons and Addresses (Chicago: National Christian Association, 1892): 8.
  12. The Blanchards and the WCTU
    A. "5% dividend." Women's Temperance Publishing Association Receipt showing purchase of stock by Mary Bent Blanchard. WCA Series 1 Folder 35
    B. Miss Frances Willard and Mrs. Mary B. Willard desire your presence." Invitation to the birthday celebration of Frances Willard's mother. WCA, JBP, Series 1 Folder 27.
    C. "I share your views in general concerning secret societies." Postcard from Frances E. Willard to Mary Bent Blanchard, February 10, 1880. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 10, Folder 9.
  13. The Anti-Secretism Movement
    A. "It requires more time, and thought, and perplexity of mind, to throw away the masonic obligations, than the unitiated can conceive." Edward Giddens, The Anti-Masonic Alamanc for the year 1830 (New York, 1830). Accessed through archive.org.
    B. "The lodges are no better now than when they murdered Morgan." Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Mary Bent Blanchard, February 13, 1868. WCA, JBP, Box 6, Folder 5.
  14. The Story of Morgan
    A. "Nearly half a century has elapsed since the time of the disappearance of William Morgan." A. P. Bentley, History of the Abduction of William Morgan and the Anti-Masonic Excitement of 1826-30 with many details and incidents never before published (Mt. Pleasant, IA: Van Cise & Throop, Fress Press Office, 1874). Accessed through archive.org.
    B. "The compiler of the following work was kidnapped." Capt. Wm. Morgan, Illustrations of Masonry by One of the Fraternity (1827). Accessed through archive.org. 
  15. King of the Anti-Secretists
    A. "Can we not speak of something in this house besides Freemasonry?" Blanchard, President Blanchard's Autobiography, 51.
    B. "Slavery never could have accomplished the secession of 11 states but for the aid and gency of the secret lodges." Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Gerritt Smith, March 15, 1869. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 6, Folder 8.
  16. The Trial of 1,000 Stabs
    A. "I am again rejected." Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Mary Bent Blanchard, November 12, 1868. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 6, Folder 6. 
    B. "The Masons are hunting and hounding me to death." Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Charles G. Finney, November 12, 1868. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 17, Folder 27.
    C. "A person assassinated by a thousand stabs." Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Mary Bent Blanchard, April 4, 1870. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 7, Folder 1.  
  17. In Loco Parentis
    A. "Their decision is in our favor." Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Mary Bent Blanchard, May 26, 1866. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 6, Folder 2.
  18. Traveler and Writer
    A. "It was that majestic act that taught my heart how to pity." J. F. Johnson, Proceedings of the General Anti-Slavery Convention (London: John Snow, 1843), 9. Accessed through archive.org.
  19. Newspaperman
    A. "Tore the names off and threw it under the table!" Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Mary Bent Blanchard, September 6, 1896. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 6, Folder 12.
  20. Sermons
    A. "He is rigid and unyielding in his teachings." LRSHJ, September 8, 1861. WCA.
  21. Force of Personality
    A. "He will stand for his convictions as no other man I know." Letter from Charles Albert Blanchard to Mary Bent Blanchard, June 24, 1871. WCA, CABP, Box 3, Folder 2.
  22. Christmas
    A. "Christmas is a Fool's Day." Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Mary Bent Blanchard, December 23, 1858. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 4, Folder 11. 
    B. "One of my heart-sinking lectures." Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Mary Bent blanchard, January 24, 1859. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 4, Folder 12. 
  23. Preacher
    A. "Was the 6th Presbyterian Church 'preached to death?'" Debate on Slavery, 326. 
  24. Wheaton Church
    A. "Jonathan Blanchard factored somehow into every clash of opinions." Edith L. Blumhofer, A History of College Church in Wheaton: The First 150 Years (Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 2010), 26-35.
    B. We who were recently united in one communion are now two churches." "Remonstrance." WCA, JBP, Series 1, Box 1, Folder 36.
    C. "Many wonder how so sharp a contention can exist at Wheaton between parties who profess to be opposed to secret societies." "The Wheaton College Church Disbanded." WCA, JBP, Series 1, Box 1, Folder 36.
  25. American Sabbatarianism
    A. "Every one is to knock off work, and rest." The Sabbath Question: Sunday Observance and SUnday Laws. A Sermon and Two Speeches by Leonard Woolsey Bacon. SIx Sermons on the Sabbath Question by the late George Blagden Bacon (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1882). Accessed through archive.org.
  26. Remember the Sabbath Day and Keep it Holy
    A. "They had been true to their convictions in that hour." Blanchard, President Blanchard's Autobiography, 29-31.
  27. The Sabbath and the Railroad
    A. "It will be but a very short time before boats and railroad cars will cease to run on the Sabbath." Proceedings of the Sabbath Convention, held at the City of Rochester, July 20th and 21st, 1842 (Rochester, NY: William Alling, 1842). Accessed through archive.org.
  28. Courtship
    A. "I wish to be married with you." Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Mary Bent Blanchard, February 28, 1838. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 3, Folder 10.
  29. Married Life
    A. "I need someone very much." Letter from Mary Bent Blanchard to Jonathan Blanchard, October 6, 1847. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 3, Folder 19.
  30. Father
    A. "Fifty letters in about as many days!" Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Mary Avery Blanchard, November 7, 1855. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 4, Folder 6.
    B. "My who new suit of clothes cost me $11." Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Charles Albert Blanchard, December 3, 1866. WCA, CABP, Box 3, Folder 1. 
  31. Grandfather
    A. "His grandchildren all loved him." Kilby, Minority of One, 156.
  32. Family Life
    A. "Everyone was expected to express an opinion." Julia Blanchard Fischer, "Sketch of Wheaton." Wheaton Alumni Quarterly, July 1931. WCA, Wheaton College Affiliated Publications, Series 1, Box 38, Folder 11. 
  33. Steadfast Friend
    A. "I have prayed and still do pray for you with a terrible earnestness." Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Thaddeus Stevens, February 15, 1868. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 6, Folder 5. 
    B. "If he goes to hell will doubtelss find promotion there." Kilby, Minority of One, 52-53.
  34. Service to Knox
    A. "During his adminsitation occurred one of the most remarkable denominational struggles the West has ever witnessed." "Fifty Years a College." Chicago Tribune, June 4, 1887, p. 12. 
  35. Knox Accomplishments
    A. "I cam to be president of Knox College." Blanchard, Sermons and Addresses, 11-12. 
  36. Conflict with George Washington Gale
    A. "Its consideration occupied us all day." The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, Vol. 1, 1850-1864 (Springfield, IL: Illinois State Historical Library, 1925). 290-291; 296-299. WCA, JBP, Series 1, Box 1, Folder 7.
  37. Jonathan Blanchard's Resignation
    A. "Recall Mr. Blanchard to the Presidency of the College." "A Memorial tof the Alumni of Knox College to its Board of Trust, , for the Restoration of Mr. Blanchard to the Presidency." WCA, JBP, Series 1, Box 1, Folder 19.
  38. Aftermath
    A. "President Blanchard has consented to resume his former place in the faculty." "A circular to the students of Knox College in Different Departments." WCA, JBP, Series 1, Box 1, Folder 19.
  39. Move to Wheaton
    A. "The Lord had need of Wheaton College." Blanchard, Sermons and Addresses, 12-13.
  40. Beloved Teacher and Counselor
    A. "I saw tears roll down the gratified president's cheeks." Frances E. Townsley, A Pilgrim Maid: The Self-Told Story of Frances E. Townsley (Butler, IN: L. H. Higley, 1908), 98-103; 106-107; 112-113. WCA.
    B. "No one ever went to the pres. for counsel and came away disappointed." LRSHJ, September 20, 1861. WCA.
  41. Pranks!
    A. "Not even the venerable and distinguished President Blanchard escpated student pranks." Kilby, Minority of One, 193-194.
  42. Strict Discipline
    A. "Ladies and Gentlemen should not meet together in society." LRSHJ, September 23, 1861. WCA.
    B. "Put a hundred such minds together and there is hell." LRSHJ, October 9, 1861. WCA.
  43. The Webster Affair
    A. "It really looks as though Mr. Blanchard's troubles were to have no end." "Reports on Wheaton College furnished to the Chicago Press." WCA, JBP, Series 1, Box 1, Folder 36.
    B. "President Blanchard is fully acquitted." "The Trial of President Blanchard" Christian Cynosure Extra, January 3, 1878. WCA, JBP, Series 1, Box 1, Folder 36.
  44. Enter Chapman
    A. "Chapman seems to be a Christian who serves the Lord as though the devil was in him." Letter from William Walter Blanchard to Mary Bent Blanchard, April 8, 1878. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 9, Folder 11. 
    B. "Chapman had been brought before the Wheaton Church for trial, on a charge of falsehood." "A Review of Wheaton Council." WCA, JBP, Series 1, Box 1, Folder 36. 
  45. A Punch in the Face
    A. "The defendent was ordered to pay $3 and costs." "Blanchard: The Immortal Poet Punches His Enemy 3 Dollars Worth," Chicago Tribune, June 1, 1878. Accessed through ProQuest. 
    B. "So decisive a blow from an aged minister." "Blanchard--Chapman," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 3, 1878. Accessed through ProQuest. 
  46. A Blow to the Heart
    A. "The opposition to him is no less than satanic." Letter from William Walter Blanchard to Mary Bent Blanchard, May 19, 1878. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 9, Folder 11. 
    B. "The recognized mouthpiece of our association should represent less personal and private views." Letter from Philo Carpenter to Jonathan Blanchard, July 29, 1878. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 9, Folder 11. 
  47. Cures
    A. "As well as a man can be to be rolled up in a wet sheet at half past four in the morning." Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Mary Bent Blanchard, September 18, 1848. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 3, Folder 20.
    B. "Pie plant wine and I drink raw eggs in it." Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Mary Bent Blanchard, May 2, 1862. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 5, Folder 4. 
  48. Time Away
    A. "Running in the woods my health is getting better and the mountain air is good." etter from Jonathan Blanchard to Mary Bent Blanchard and the Children, October 2, 1863. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 5, Folder 6.
    B. "I think you are needed here very much." Letter from Mary Bent Blanchard to Jonathan Blanchard, October 21, 1863. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 5, Folder 6. 
  49. Westward, Ho!
    A. "I will not go another step beyond Laramie." Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Mary Bent Blanchard, June 12, 1864. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 5, Folder 9.
    B. "It would kill me to preach and kill me to be idle." Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Mary Bent Blanchard, August 9, 1864. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 5, Folder 9.
  50. Homeward Bound
    A. "Have the buggy at the depot for me at the Tuesday morning train." Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Mary Bent Blanchard, November 18, 1864. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 5, Folder 10. 
  51. Missionary Work
    A. "If I am to go to Salt Lake I must go within a few months." Letter from Norman McLeod to Jonathan Blanchard, December 10, 1864. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 5, Folder 10.
    B. "Send him there at once." Letter from Jonathan Blanchard to Milton Badger, December 24, 1864. WCA, JBP, Series 3, Box 5, Folder 10. 
  52. Minor Political Parties of the 19th Century
    A. Free Soil Songs of the Campaign of 1848. Accessed through archive.org.
  53. Dabbling in Politics
    A. "Shall the Constitution be Amended to conform to the Christian Institutions of the nation." "The Religious Amendment of the Constitution of the United States." WCA, JBP, Series 1, Box 1, Folder 30.

General Research Sources:

BOOKS:
  1. Kilby, Clyde S. Minority of One: A Biography of Jonathan Blanchard. Grand Rapids, MI: WM. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1959.
  2. Blanchard, Charles A. President Blanchard’s Autobiography: The Dealings of God with Charles Albert Blanchard, For Many Years a Teacher in Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois. Boone, IA: The Western Christian Alliance Publishing Co., 1915.
  3. Maas, David E. Marching to the Drumbeat of Abolitionism: Wheaton College in the Civil War. Wheaton, IL: Wheaton College, 2010.
  4. Bechtel, Paul M. Wheaton College: A Heritage Remembered, 1860-1984. Wheaton, IL: Harold Shaw Publishers, 1984.
  5. Willard, W. Wyeth. Fire on the Prairie: The Story of Wheaton College. Wheaton, IL: Van Kampen Press, 1950.
  6. Fischer, Raymond P. Four Hazardous Journeys of Jonathan Blanchard, founder of Wheaton College. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 1987.
  7. Blanchard, Jonathan. Sermons and Addresses. Chicago: National Christian Association, 1892.
  8. A Debate on Slavery, held on the first, second, thirt and sixth days of October, 1845, in the city of Cincinnati, between Rev. J. Blanchard, Pastor of the Sixth Presbyterian Church, and N. L. Rice, D. D., Pastor of the Central Presbyterian Church. Cincinnati: WM. H. Moore & Co., 1846.
  9. Carr, Clark E. The Illini: A Story of the Prairies. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1906. Accessed through Hathi Trust Digital Library.
  10. Blumhofer, Edith L. A History of College Church in Wheaton: The First 150 Years. Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 2010.
  11. Clark, Charles M. The history of the Thirty-ninth regiment Illinois volunteer veteran infantry, (Yates phalanx.) in the war of the rebellion. 1861-1865. Chicago, 1889.
  12. Townsley, Frances E. A Pilgrim Maid: The Self-Told Story of Frances Townsely. Butler, IN: L. H. Higley, 1908.
ARTICLES & DISSERTATIONS:
  1. Taylor, Richard S. “Seeking the Kingdom: A Study in the Career of Jonathan Blanchard, 1811-1892.” PhD diss., Northern Illinois University, 1978.
  2. McCrossen, Alexis. “Sabbatarianism: The Intersection of Church and State in the Orchestration of Everyday Life in Nineteenth-Century America.” In Religious and Secular Reform in America: Ideas, Beliefs, and Social Change, edited by David K. Adams, Cornelius A. Van Minnen, 133-158.  New York: New York University Press, 1999.
  3. John, Richard R. “Taking Sabbatarianism Seriously: The Postal System, the Sabbath, and the Transformation of American Political Culture.” Journal of the Early Republic 10, no. 4 (Winter 1990): 517-567.
  4. Davis, Mike. “Jacksonian Volcano: Anti-Secretism and Secretism in 19th Century American Culture.” PhD diss., University of Cincinnati, 2012. ProQuest (UMI 3601096).
Bibliography